Antimicrobial resistance (AMR): from wonder drugs to worrisome bugs – a review
Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), ESKAPE pathogens, Antibiotics, Antimicrobial stewardshipAbstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a significant and escalating global health challenge, threatening the efficacy of treatments for infectious diseases. This review explores the complex dynamics underlying the emergence and proliferation of AMR, emphasizing the mechanisms by which microbes evade antimicrobial agents. Key contributors include the misuse and overuse of antibiotics in clinical, agricultural, and community settings, compounded by insufficient development of novel antimicrobial drugs. Particular attention is paid to the ESKAPE pathogens, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. as critical drivers of nosocomial infections. Resistance mechanisms such as altered drug targets, efflux pumps, and enzymatic deactivation are discussed in detail, alongside the diminishing efficacy of frontline antibiotics like methicillin, vancomycin, and carbapenems. The review also highlights the urgent need for multifaceted strategies to curb AMR. These include antimicrobial stewardship programs, enhanced surveillance, periodic antibiotic rotation, and the integration of advanced diagnostic technologies like artificial intelligence for resistance detection and drug design. Non-prescription antibiotic regulation, improved hygiene practices, and innovations in vaccination and alternative therapies are underscored as pivotal interventions. The document concludes with a call to action for collaborative global efforts involving policymakers, healthcare providers, and the public to mitigate the AMR crisis effectively. This comprehensive examination offers valuable insights into the challenges and potential solutions for safeguarding the future of antimicrobial therapy.
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