Chromatographic and antiproliferative assessment of the aerial root of Ficus thonningii Blume (Moraceae)
Keywords:
Ficus thonningii, Antiproliferative, β-sitosterol, Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid
Abstract
Ficus thonningii (Blume) has long history of use for variety of ailments. The hot aqueous extract of Ficus thonningii aerial root (FT) was obtained by infusion. The antiproliferative activity of FT was evaluated using Sorghum bicolor seed radicle over a period of 24 h to 96 h. The mean radicle length (mm), percentage inhibition and percentage growth were calculated. Chemical characterization of FT was done using chromatographic techniques. Thin layer chromatography revealed the presence of β-sitosterol. High performance liquid chromatography showed ten peaks with gallic acid, tannins, caffeic acid, rutin, ferulic acid and morin eluting at 3.530, 3.928, 4.668, 6.706, 7.669 and 18.844 minutes respectively. Compared with negative control, FT at 1 mg/ml to 32 mg/ml significantly (p<0.0001) inhibited S. bicolor seed radicle growth over 24 h-96 h. At 96h, FT dose-dependently inhibited S. bicolor seed growth, giving a percentage inhibition of 20.31%, 24.30%, 31.71%, 53.23%, 78.74%, 95.37% at 1 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml, 8 mg/ml, 16 mg/ml, 32 mg/ml, respectively. Methotrexate 50 µg/ml used as the positive control gave inhibition of 70.62% at 96h. The result revealed the potential of FT to inhibit rapid proliferating cells of S. bicolor seed radicle and by extension cancer cells.
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36. Sajid M, Soottawat B, Aisha A, Asifa A. Phenolic compounds and plant phenolic extracts as natural antioxidants in prevention of lipid oxidation in seafood: a detailed review. Compreh Rev Food Sci Food Safety. 2014; 13(6): 1125-1140.
37. Javed H, Khan MM, Ahmed A, Vaibhav K, Ahmed ME, Khan Ashafag M, et al. Rutin prevents cognitive impairments by ameliorating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in rat model of sporadic dementia of Alzheimer type. Neuroscie. 2012; 17: 340-352.
38. Mbosso EJT, Nguedia JCA, Meyer Fr, Lenta BN, Ngouela S, Lallemand B, et al. Ceramide, cerebroside and triterpenoid saponin from the bark of aerial roots of Ficus elastica (Moraceae). Phytochem. 2012; 83: 95-103.
39. Chan EWC, Tangah J, Inoue T, Kainuma M, Baba K, Oshiro N, et al. Botany, uses, chemistry and pharmacology of Ficus microcarpa: a short review. Sys Rev Pharm. 2017; 8(1): 103-111.
40. Ngulde SI, Sandabe UK, Hussaini IM. Ethnobotanical survey of anticancer plants in Askira/Uba local government area of Borno State, Nigeria. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2015; 9(5): 123-130.
2. World Health Organization Cancer Fact Sheet, 2017. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/
3. Benzie IFF, Watchtel-Galor S. Herbal medicine: biomolecular and clinical aspects. CRC Press, 2nd edn, 2011.
4. Dangarembizi R, Erlwanger KH, Moyo D, Chivandi E. Phytochemistry, pharmacology and ethnomedical uses of Ficus thonningii Blume (Moraceae): a review. Afr J Tradit Complem Altern Med. 2013; 10(2): 203-212.
5. Agroforestry Tree Database, 2017. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/species Info.asp?SpID=866
6. Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Anthony S, 2009. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp
7. Ndukwe IG, Bello AI, Habila JD, John C. Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of the crude petroleum spirit and methanol extracts of the stem bark, leaves and roots of Ficus thonningii Blume. Afr J Biotechnol. 2007; 6(3): 2645-2649.
8. Balehegn M, Eik Lars O, Tesfay Y. Silvopastoral system based on Ficus thonningii: an adaptation to climate change in northern Ethiopia. Afr J Range Forage Sci. 2015; 32(3): 183-191.
9. Olas B, Wachowicz B, Nowak P, Stochmal A, Oleszek W, Glowacki A, Bald E. Comparative studies of the antioxidant effects of a naturally occurring resveratrol analogue trans 3, 3’, 5, 5-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxystilbene and resveratrol-against oxidation and nitration of biomolecules in blood platelets. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2008; 24: 331-340.
10. Grassi D, Desideri D, Ferri C. Flavonoids antioxidants against atherosclerosis. Nutrients. 2010; 2: 889-902
11. Usman H, Abdulrahman FI, Usman A. Qualitative phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial effects of methanol stem bark extract of Ficus thonningii Moraceae. Afr J Tradit Complem Altern Med. 2009; 6(3): 289-295.
12. Krief S, Hladik C, Mand HC. Ethnomedicinal and bioactive properties of plants ingested by wild chimpanzees in Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 101: 1-15
13. Jansen O, Angenot L, Tits M, Nicolas JP, De Mol P, Nikiema JB, Frederich M. Evaluation of 13 selected medicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodial properties. J Ethnophamacol. 2010; 13: 143-150.
14. Oyelana OA, Durugbo EU, Olukanni OD, Ayodele EA, Aikulola ZO, Adewole AI. Antimicrobial activity of Ficus leaf extracts on some fungal and bacterial pathogens of Dioscorea rotundata from Southwest Nigeria. J Biol Sci. 2011; 11: 359-366.
15. Maiha BB, Mohammed B, Magaji MG. Psychopharmacological potential of methanol leaf extract of Ficus thonningii (Blume) in mice. Nigerian J Pharmac Sci. 2013; 12(2): 30-34.
16. Otimenyin SO, Uguru MO, Atang BL. Antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of Ficus thonningii and Pseudocedrela kotschyi extracts. Nigerian J Pharmac Res. 2004; 3: 82-85.
17. Okhale SE, Tijani AY, Ezugwu BO. Assessment of antiproliferative potential of Hexalobus crispiflorus (Annonaceae). Brit Biotechnol J. 2016; 15(3): 1-7.
18. Macha MA, Krishn SR, Jahan R, Banerjee K, Batra SK, Jain M. Emerging potential of natural products for targeting mucins for therapy against inflammation and cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2015; 41(3): 277-288.
19. Dangarembizi R. 2012. Effects of crude leaf extracts of Ficus thonningii on growth, gastrointestinal morphometry and clinical biochemistry of suckling spraque dawley rats: A thesis submitted to the faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
20. Chinedu E, Arome D, Ameh SF, Ameh GE. Evaluation of antiproliferative and cytostatic effect of Citrus sinensis (orange) fruit juice. Int J App Basic Med Res. 2014; 4(3): 20-22.
21. Ayinde BA, Agbakwuru U. Cytotoxic and growth inhibitory effects of the methanol extract Struchium sparganophora Ktze (Asteraceae) leaves. Pharmacogn Mag. 2010; 6(24): 293-297.
22. Fernandes AC, Cromarty DA, Albrecht C, van Rensburg CEJ. The antioxidant potential of Sutherlandia frutescens. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 95: 1-5.
23. Okhale SE, Nnachor AC, Bassey UE. Evaluation of HPLC-UV-DAD and antiproliferative characteristics of the leaf infusion of Ximenia americana Linn. MicroMed. 2017; 5(2): 45-52.
24. David A, Chinedu ES, Fidelis A, Amarachi A, Rose ME. Evaluation of anti-proliferative activities of aqueous leaf and root extracts of Cymbopogon citratus. J Pharmac Biol Sci. 2013; 1: 56-60.
25. Daglia M, Di Lorenzo A, Nabavi SF, Talas ZS, Nabavi SM. Polyphenols: well beyond the antioxidant capacity: gallic acid and related compounds as neuroprotective agents: you are what you eat! Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2014; 15(4): 362-372.
26. Choubey S, Varughese LR, Kumar V, Beniwal V. Medicinal importance of gallic acid and its ester derivatives: a patent review. Pharmac Patent Anal. 2015; 4(4): 305-315.
27. Kar A. Pharmacognosy and pharmacobiotechnology. 2nd edn, New Age International Limited, New Delhi, India, 2007: 332-600.
28. Widsten P, Cruz CD, Fletcher GC, Pajak MA, McGhie TK. Tannins and extracts of fruit by-products: antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity. J Agric Food Chem. 2014; 62: 11146-11156.
29. Gonzalex-Sarria A, Yuan T, Seeram NP. Cytotoxicity and structure activity relationship studies of maplexin A-1, gallotannins from red maple (Acer rubrum). Food Chem Toxicol. 2012; 50: 1369-1376.
30. Wang CC, Chen JG, Yang LL. Cuphiin D1, the macrocyclic hydrolysable tannin induced apoptosis in HL-60 cell line. Cancer Lett. 2000; 149: 77-83.
31. Barrajon-Catalan E, Fernandez-Arroyo S, Saura D, Guillen E, Fernandez-Gutierrez A, Segura-Carretero A. V. cistaceae aqueous extracts containing ellagitannins show antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity and cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010; 48: 2273-2282.
32. Jia L, Jin H, Zhou J, Chen L, Lu Y, Ming Y, Yu Y. A potential antitumor herbal medicine, corilagin, inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth blocking the TGF-β signalling pathways. BMC Complem Altern Med. 2013; 13: 33.
33. Tikoo K, Sane MS, Gupta C. Tannic acid ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and potentiates its anti-cancer activity: Potential roles of tannins in cancer chemotherapy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011; 251: 191-200.
34. Jezierska-Drutel A, Rosenzweig SA, Neumann CA. Role of oxidative stress and the microenvironment in breast cancer development and progression. Adv Cancer Res. 2013; 119: 107-125.
35. Ryota S, Yutaka I, Isamu M, Ikuo K. Effect of antioxidant properties of caffeic acid with cyclodextrin using ground mixture method. Asian J Pharmac Sci. 2017. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2017.08.006
36. Sajid M, Soottawat B, Aisha A, Asifa A. Phenolic compounds and plant phenolic extracts as natural antioxidants in prevention of lipid oxidation in seafood: a detailed review. Compreh Rev Food Sci Food Safety. 2014; 13(6): 1125-1140.
37. Javed H, Khan MM, Ahmed A, Vaibhav K, Ahmed ME, Khan Ashafag M, et al. Rutin prevents cognitive impairments by ameliorating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in rat model of sporadic dementia of Alzheimer type. Neuroscie. 2012; 17: 340-352.
38. Mbosso EJT, Nguedia JCA, Meyer Fr, Lenta BN, Ngouela S, Lallemand B, et al. Ceramide, cerebroside and triterpenoid saponin from the bark of aerial roots of Ficus elastica (Moraceae). Phytochem. 2012; 83: 95-103.
39. Chan EWC, Tangah J, Inoue T, Kainuma M, Baba K, Oshiro N, et al. Botany, uses, chemistry and pharmacology of Ficus microcarpa: a short review. Sys Rev Pharm. 2017; 8(1): 103-111.
40. Ngulde SI, Sandabe UK, Hussaini IM. Ethnobotanical survey of anticancer plants in Askira/Uba local government area of Borno State, Nigeria. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2015; 9(5): 123-130.
Published
2018-06-30
How to Cite
Adamu, M., Ameh, S., Ettah, U., & Okhale, S. (2018). Chromatographic and antiproliferative assessment of the aerial root of Ficus thonningii Blume (Moraceae). MicroMedicine, 6(1), 1-9. Retrieved from http://journals.tmkarpinski.com/index.php/mmed/article/view/9
Section
Research Articles
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