Mucosal membranes, their interactions to microbial infections and immune susceptibility in human hosts
Keywords:
Mucosal membrane, Innate and humoral immune defense, Antigen delivery systems, Adjuvants, Vaccines
Abstract
This article presents mucosal immune defense in response to various pathogenic infections in different hosts including man. Internally, the mucosal layer (membrane) covers the respiratory, digestive, nasal, and urogenital systems and serves as a physical barrier against many groups of infections. The host pathogen's interaction with membrane receptors is highlighted in this article, as well as the commensal gut microbiota's protective function in directing both general and targeted immune defense. In order to combat numerous diseases of various types, this review emphasizes the importance of crosstalk between mucosal locations, mucosal adjuvant design, and antigen delivery mechanisms. Additionally, it denotes the function of inflammasomes, lipocalin 2, Muc2 hyaluronan, and probiotics in maintaining homeostasis, regulating the gut microbiota, and enhancing immunological protection against enteric infection and gastrointestinal inflammation. For novel potential vaccines that could activate innate and adaptive immunity in mucosal tissue, there is an urgent need to look for new protective antigens, delivery mechanisms, and mucosal adjuvants. In order to prevent the spread of infections that are drug-resistant, seek protection, and assure host immunological tolerance, this article emphasizes the necessity for new antigens in the construction of new vaccines.
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References
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5. Okumura R, Takeda K. Maintenance of intestinal homeostasis by mucosal barriers. Inflamm Regener. 2018; 38(1): 5.
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7. Torow N, Marsland BJ, Hornef MW, Gollwitzer ES. Neonatal mucosal immunology. Mucosal Immunol. 2017; 10(1): 5.
8. Olivares-Villagómez D, Van Kaer L. Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes: Sentinels of the Mucosal Barrier. Trends Immunol. 2018; 39(4): 264-275.
9. Nie S, Yuan Y. The Role of Gastric Mucosal Immunity in Gastric Diseases. J Immunol Res. 2020; 2020: 7927054.
10. Butler JE, Rainard P, Lippolis J, Salmon H, Kacskovics I. The Mammary Gland in Mucosal and Regional Immunity. Mucosal Immunol. 2015; 2269.
11. O’Sullivan NL, Montgomery PC. Ocular Mucosal Immunity. Mucosal Immunol. 2015; 1873-1897.
12. Drummond RA, Lionakis MS. Organ-specific mechanisms linking innate and adaptive antifungal immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2019; 89: 78.
13. Break TJ, Oikonomou V, Dutzan N, Desai JV, Swidergall M, Freiwald T, et al. Aberrant type 1 immunity drives susceptibility to mucosal fungal infections. Science. 2021; 371(6526): eaay5731.
14. d'Enfert C, Kaune AK, Alaban LR, Chakraborty S, Cole N, Delavy M, et al. The impact of the Fungus-Host-Microbiota interplay upon Candida albicans infections: current knowledge and new perspectives. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2021; 45(3): fuaa060.
15. Li Z, Lu G, Meng G. Pathogenic Fungal Infection in the Lung. Front Immunol. 2019; 10: 1524.
16. Mercer DK, O'Neil DA. Innate Inspiration: Antifungal Peptides and Other Immunotherapeutics From the Host Immune Response. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 2177.
17. Skeldon A, Saleh M. The inflammasomes: molecular effectors of host resistance against bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal infections. Front Microbiol. 2011; 2: 15.
18. Wiesner DL, Smith KD, Kotov DI, Nielsen JN, Bohjanen PR, Nielsen K. Regulatory T Cell Induction and Retention in the Lungs Drives Suppression of Detrimental Type 2 Th Cells During Pulmonary Cryptococcal Infection. J Immunol. 2016; 196(1): 365.
19. Verma A, Gaffen SL, Swidergall M. Innate Immunity to Mucosal Candida Infections. J Fungi. 2017; 3(4): 60.
20. Hohl TM. Overview of vertebrate animal models of fungal infection. J Immunol Methods. 2014; 410: 100.
21. Last A, Maurer M, S Mosig A, Gresnigt M, Hube B. In vitro infection models to study fungal-host interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2021; 45(5): fuab005.
22. Lionakis MS, Iliev ID, Hohl TM. Immunity against fungi. JCI Insight. 2017; 2(11): e93156.
23. Herbst S, Shah A, Mazon Moya M, Marzola V, Jensen B, Reed A, et al. Phagocytosis-dependent activation of a TLR9-BTK-calcineurin-NFAT pathway co-ordinates innate immunity to Aspergillus fumigatus. EMBO Mol Med. 2015; 7(3): 240-258.
24. Delarze E, Brandt L, Trachsel E, Patxot M, Pralong C, Maranzano F, et al. Identification and Characterization of Mediators of Fluconazole Tolerance in Candida albicans. Front Microbiol. 2020; 11: 591140.
25. Roilides E, Zaoutis TE, Katragkou A, Benjamin DK Jr, Walsh TJ. Zygomycosis in neonates: an uncommon but life-threatening infection. Am J Perinatol. 2009; 26(8): 565.
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Published
2023-03-02
How to Cite
(1)
Upadhyay, R. Mucosal Membranes, Their Interactions to Microbial Infections and Immune Susceptibility in Human Hosts. European Journal of Biological Research 2023, 13, 41-70.
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Review Articles
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