Prevalence of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Kebbi state, Nigeria
Keywords:
Tuberculosis, Rifampicin resistant, GeneXpert, Sputum, Public health, Nigeria
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a global public health burden in low and middle-income countries. The emergence and spread of drug-resistant microbial strains in high-burden countries like Nigeria pose a threat to achieving the One health approach. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of rifampicin resistance in sputum specimens of patients in Kebbi State, Nigeria using the GeneXpert Assay. It was a retrospective cross-sectional study and was carried out in Kebbi, North-Western Nigeria among patients who were confirmed positive for tuberculosis infection and visited the designated health zones, for various local government areas within the state. Sputum samples were analyzed using the GeneXpert technique. Data entry was made using Microsoft Excel and analyzed with SPSS version 20. A p-value less than 0.05 was taken as significant. The overall prevalence of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (RR-MTB) was 5.8% (14/240). The majority of the study participants were within the age grade 31-40 years (8.77%) and male participants (7.2%) were preponderant in comparison to female participants (2.7%). There was a significant association between settlement and rifampicin resistance in the study (p=0.05). The results showed that drug-resistant tuberculosis is prevalent in Kebbi State with a higher incidence observed in the Zuru Local Government Area of the state as compared to previous findings. This shows that improving the prevention and control efforts of tuberculosis in the state with relation to adequate regulatory strategies and policy formulation is of paramount importance.
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References
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2. Kumar V, Abbas A, Aster J. Robbins Basic Pathology. 9th edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2013: 293-298.
3. Chakraborty S, Chakraborty A, Talukder T, Mukherjee, M, Chatterjee T. Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Isolated from Both Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Samples and Their Resistance to Rifampicin: A Study from Kolkata and Surrounding Suburbs. J Tuberculosis Res. 2016; 4: 61-71.
4. Global tuberculosis report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020, https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240013131
5. Ukwamedua H, Omote V, Etaghene J, Oseji ME, Agwai IC, Agbroko H. Rifampicin resistance among notified pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases in South-Southern Nigeria. Heliyon. 2019; 5(7): e02096.
6. Coovadia YM, Mahomed S, Pillay M, Werner L, Mlisana K. Rifampicin mono-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa: a significant phenomenon in a high prevalence TB-HIV region. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e77712.
7. World Health Organization. The global MDR-TB & XDR-TB response plan 2007-2008.
8. Chan ED, Iseman MD. Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a review. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008; 21(6): 587-589.
9. Shenoi S, Friedland G. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a new face to an old pathogen. Annu Rev Med. 2009; 60: 307-320.
10. Zignol M, Dean AS, Falzon D, et al. Twenty Years of Global Surveillance of Anti Tuberculosis-Drug Resistance. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375: 11.
11. Mitchison DA.Basic mechanisms of chemotherapy. Chest. 1979; 76: 771-781.
12. Hameed HMA, Islam MM, Chhotaray C, et al. Molecular targets related drug resistance mechanisms in MDR-, XDR-, and TDR-Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018; 8: 114.
13. Levinson W. Review of medical microbiology and immunology. 13th edn. New York: Mc-Graw Hill education: 2014: 29-39.
14. Jain A, Dixit P. Multidrug-resistant to extensively drug resistant tuberculosis: what is next? J Biosci. 2008; 33(4): 605-616.
15. Sharma SK, Mohan A. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res. 2004; 120: 354-376.
16. Musa BM, Adamu AL, Galadanci NA, Zubayr B, Odoh CN, Aliyu MH. Trends in prevalence of multi drug resistant tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS One. 2015; 12(9): e0185105.
17. Andarge DB, Anticho TL, Jara GM, Ali MM. Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and rifampicin resistance among presumptive tuberculosis cases visiting tuberculosis clinic of Adare General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med. 2021; 9: 20503121211045541.
18. Dunn JJ, Starke JR, Revell PA. Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Disease in Children. J Clin Microbiol. 2016; 54(6): 1434-1441.
19. El-Hajj HH, Marras SA, Tyagi S, Kramer FR, Alland D. Detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a single tube with molecular beacons. J Clin Microbiol. 2001; 39(11): 4131-4137.
20. National Population Commission (2006). Nigeria Census. Available at nigeria.opendataforafrica.org/xspplpb/nigeria-census. Retrieved on 10th December, 2019.
21. Sedgwick P. Multistage Sampling. BMJ. 2015; 351: h4155.
22. Ibrahim T. Sample size determination in Research Methodology and Dissertation writing for health and allied health professionals. 1st edn. Nigeria: Lucas AO, 1997: 74-75.
23. Fadeyi A, Desalu OO, Ugwoke C, Opanwa OA, Nwabuisi C, Salami AK. Prevalence of Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis among Patients Previously treated for pulmonary tuberculosis in North Western, Nigeria. Niger Med J. 2017; 58(6): 161-166.
24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Stool specimens – Specimen collection: Laboratory identification of parasites of public health concern. 2016. Available at www.cdc.gov/dpdx/diagnosticprocedures/others/sputum.html. Retrieved on 22nd September, 2019.
25. Cheesbrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries (part 2). 2nd edn. England: Cambridge University Press, 2006: 73.
26. Bhadke BB, Rathod RK, Deshmukh DG, Luniya AB, Bulle PA, Surjushe AV. Diagnostic Efficacy of Gene X-Pert /MTB-RIF Assay And Its Implication For The Treatment Of MDR TB In Rural Medical College. Natl J Integr Res Med. 2016; 7(5): 33-39.
27. Abdulkadir B, Ibrahim MA. Confirmation of Symptomatic Tuberculosis Using Gene Xpert (MTB/RIF) among patients within Zuru Emirate Council, Kebbi State, Nigeria. UJMR. 2018; 3: 2.
28. World Health Organization (WHO). Global tuberculosis report. 20th edn. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.
29. Okonkwo RC, Onwunzo MC, Chukwuka CP, Ele PU, Anyabolu AE, Onwurah CA. The use of the Gene Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin (MTB/RIF) assay in detection of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) in Nnamdi Azikwe university teaching hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria. JHN Retrovirus. 2017; 3: 1.
30. Enya VNV, Onubuogu C, Wahab MO, Efere LO, Motayo BO, et al. Prevalence of MDR-TB Amongst Patients with HIV and TB co-infection seen at the DOTs Clinic of Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR). 6th IAS Conference in HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment, Lagos, Nigeria.
31. Mac-fibersina G, Sounyo II, Omakwella GC, Emuh F, Ochei K, Akio B, et al. Molecular diagnosis of multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis among patients in a Nigeria teaching hospital. EC Pul Resp Med. 2018: 270–279.
32. Boakye-Appiah JK, Steinmetz AR, Pupulampu P, Ofori-Yirenkyi S, Tetteh I, Frimpong M, et al. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among patients with rifampicin resistance using GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin in Ghana. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2016; 5(2): 226-230.
33. Yifeng L, Ruppert KM. Prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of multidrug resistant tuberculosis identified by GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Master’s Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown, PA, 2016.
34. Yang Y, Zhou C, Shi L, Meng H, Yan H. Prevalence and characterization of drug resistant tuberculosis in a local hospital of Northeast China. Int J Infect Dis. 2014; 22: 83-86.
35. Rasaki SO, Ajibola AA, Musa SA, Moradeyo AK, Odeigah LO, et al. Rifampicin resistant tuberculosis in a secondary health institution in Nigeria, West Africa. J Infect Dis Ther. 2014; 2: 139.
Published
2022-12-09
How to Cite
(1)
Olaosebikan, V.; Manga, S.; Danladi, Y.; Udefi, A.; Adedokun, A. Prevalence of Rifampicin-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Kebbi State, Nigeria. European Journal of Biological Research 2022, 12, 320-329.
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
