Assessment of post intervention of geohelminth infection and risk factors among school aged children in the most endemic area of Kano, Nigeria
Keywords:
Geohelminth, Hookworm, Retrospective, Risk factor, Deworming, Post intervention
Abstract
This study is an initial attempt at determining the prevalence of geohelminth infections among school aged children (SAC) in the most endemic area of Kano State as well as risk factors associated with the infection and the impact of deworming programme in SAC. A retrospective study on the prevalence of geohelminth infection in the 44 Local Government Areas (LGA) of Kano State was conducted. A stratified random sampling technique was used for sample collection. A total of 3000 children were recruited aged 6-15 years. Retrospective study showed that none was of high endemicity. The present status of geohelminth showed that only hookworm was present among SAC with a prevalence of 2.2% and intensity was light (mean: 17 epg). Risk factors that predispose SAC to geohelminth infection like eating outside home, poor hand washing practice, and nail biting were found not to be significantly associated with hookworm infection except risk factor like walking bare footed which was significantly associated with hookworm infection. In conclusion, Prevalence of geohelminth infection in Kabo LGA prior to deworming was 35.1% and post intervention among SAC was generally low (2.2%). The observed low prevalence of geohelminth infection could be attributed to the success of the deworming programme carried out in the district in 2013. Risk factors like poor hand washing practice (2.3%), walking bare footed (2.6%) and eating outside home (2.6%) were pre-dominant among SAC.
References
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38. WHO. Prevention and Control of Intestinal Parasitic Infections. World Health Organization (WHO), Technical Report Series, 1987.
39. Oyewole F, Ariyo F, Oyibo WA, Sanyadu A, Faweya T, Monye P. Helminthic reduction with albendazole among children in riverine communities of Nigeria. J Rur Trop Publ Heal. 2007; 6: 143-148.
40. Naish S, McCarthy J, Williams GM. Prevalence, intensity and risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth infection in a South Indian fishing village. Acta Trop. 2004; 91: 177-187.
41. Bundy DAP, de Silva NR. Can we deworm this wormy world? Brit Med Bull. 1998; 54: 421-432.
42. Hotez PJ. Hookworm infections. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Principles pathogens and practice. 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2006: 1265-1273.
43. Brooker S, Whawell S, Kabatereine NB, Fenwick A, Anderson RM. Evaluating the epidemiological impact of national control programmes for helminths. Trends Parasitol. 2004; 11: 537-545.
44. Crompton DWT, Nesheim MC. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Ann Rev Nutr. 2002; 22: 35-59.
45. Moreau E, Chauvin A. Immunity against helminths: interactions with the host and the inter current infections. J Biomed Biotech. 2010; 32: 593-604.
46. Ezeamama AE, Friedman JF, Acosta LP, Bellinger DC, Langdon GC, Manalo DL, et al. Helminth infection and cognitive impairment among Filipino children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005; 72: 540-548.
47. Pullan R, Brooker S. The health impact of polyparasitism in humans: are we under-estimating the burden of parasitic diseases. J Parasitol. 2008; 135: 783-794.
48. Anees AH, Zulkifli A, Azmi A, Syukri,M. Helminthiasis among primary rural school children in Bachok, Kelantan. Malay J Pub Heal Med. 2003; 3: 19-22.
49. Knopp S, Stothard JR, Rollinson D, Mohammed KA, Khamis IS, Marti H, Utzinger J. From morbidity control to transmission control: time to change tactics against helminths on Unguja Island, Zanzibar. Acta Trop. 2011; (9): 1341.
50. Ostan I, Kilimcioglu AA, Girginkardesler N, Ozyurt BC, Limoncu ME. Health inequities: lower socio-economic conditions and higher incidences of intestinal parasites. Biomed Commun Pub Heal. 2007; 7: 3421-3428.
51. Sufiyan MB, Sabitu K, Mande AT. Evaluation of the effectiveness of deworming and participatory hygiene education strategy in controlling anemia among children aged 6-15 yrs in Gadagau community, Giwa LGA, Kaduna Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2011; 10(11): 6-12.
2. Ibidapo CA, Okwa, O. The prevalence and intensity of soil transmitted helminths in a rural community, Lagos Suburb, South West Nigeria. Intro J Agric Biol. 2008; 10: 89-92.
3. Hotez PJ, Brindley PJ, Bethony JM, King CH, Pearce EJ. Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases. J Clin Invest. 2008; 118: 1311-1321.
4. Brooker S, Clements ACA, Bundy DAP. Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections. Adv Parasitol. 2006; 62: 221-261.
5. Drake LJ, Bundy DA. Multiple helminth infections in children: impact and control. J Parasitol. 2001; 122: 73-81.
6. Howard SC, Donnelly CA, Kabatereine NB, Ratard RC, Brooker S. Spatial and intensity-dependent variations in associations between multiple species helminth infections. Acta Trop. 2002; 83: 141-149.
7. de Silva NR, Brooker S, Hotez PJ, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture. Trends Parasitol. 2003; 19: 547-551.
8. Hotez PJ, Asojo OA, Adesina AA. Nigeria: Ground Zero for the high prevalence of neglected tropical diseases. Plos Neglect Trop Dis. 2012; 6(7): 1600.
9. Hotez PJ, Kamath A. Neglected tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden. Plos Negl Trop Dis. 2009; 2(3): 412.
10. Egwunyenga OA, Ataikiru DP. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis among school age children in Ethiope East Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria. Afr J Biotech. 2005; 4: 938-941.
11. Adefioye OA, Efunshile AM, Ojurongbe O, Akindele AA, Adewuyi IK, Bolaji OS, et al. Intestinal helminthiasis among school children in Ilie, Osun State, Southwest, Nigeria. J Biomed Res. 2011; 3(1): 36-42.
12. Ihesiulor GU, Emokpae MA, Adeeke SI, Samaila AB. Soil transmitted helmenthiasis among apparently healthy children in Kano municipality. Afr J Clin Exp Microbiol. 2006; 8(1): 81-87.
13. Montresor A, Awashti S, Crompton DWT. Use of benzimidazoles in children younger than 24 months for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Acta Trop. 2002; 86: 223-232.
14. Crompton DWT, Nesheim MC. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Ann Rev Nutr. 2002; 22: 35-59.
15. WHO. Deworming for health and development. World Health Organisation (WHO) Report of the Third Global Meeting of the Partners for Parasites Control. Geneva, 2005.
16. WHO. Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis. Coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions - guidelines for health professionals and programme managers. World Health Organisation (WHO), Geneva, 2006.
17. World Bank. School deworming at a glance. Public Health at a Glance Series. 2003.
18. Andrade C, Alava TDE, Palacio IA, Del Poggio P, Jamoletti C, Gulletta M, Montresor A. Prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the city of Portoviejo (Ecuador). Mem Inst Osw Cr. 2001; 96(8): 1075-1079.
19. Ogbe MG, Edet N, Isichei MN. Intestinal helminth infection in primary school children in areas of operation of Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC), Western Division in Delta State. Nig J Parasit. 2002; 223: 3-10.
20. Adeyeba OA, Akinlabi AM. Intestinal parasitic infections among school children in a rural community, Southwest Nigeria. Nig J Parasitol. 2002; 23: 11-18.
21. Etim SE, Akpan PA, Abeshi SE, Effiom OE. Intestinal helminth infections in children: implications for helminth control using school based mass chemotherapy. Nig J Parasitol. 2002; 23: 53-60.
22. Nock IH, Duniy, D, Galadima M. Geohelminth eggs in soil and stool of pupils of some primary schools in Samaru, Zaria. Nig J Parasitol. 2007; 24: 115-122.
23. Ukpai OM, Ugwu CD. The prevalence of gastrointestinal tract parasites in primary school children in Ikwuano local government area of Abia State. Nig J Parasitol. 2003; 24: 129-136.
24. WHO. Basic laboratory methods in medical parasitology: a report from World Health Organization (WHO). Macmillan, England, 1991.
25. Aboyá M, Atalá L, Ault S, Nicholls R. Prevalence and intensity of infection of soil-transmitted helminths in Latin America and the Caribbean countries mapping at second administrative level. Pan Am Heal Org. 2011; 12: 1-2.
26. WHO. Soil-transmitted helminthiases: eliminating soil-transmitted helminthiases as a public health problem in children: progress report. World Health Organization (WHO), 2012.
27. WHO. Assessing the epidemiology of soil transmitted helminthiasis during a transmission assessment survey in the global programme for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis. World Health Organization (WHO), 2015.
28. KSMoH. Mapping of geohelminth infection. Kano State Ministry of Health (KSMoH), 2013.
29. Saathoff E, Olsen A, Kvalsvig JD, Appleton CC. Patterns of geohelminths infection, impact of albendazole treatment and re-infection after treatment in school children from rural Kwazulu-Natal South Africa. Bio Med Cent Infect Dis. 2004; 4: 27.
30. Patrick K, Samuel O, Asaolu S, Molloy F, Titilayo CA, Andrew LJ, Celia VH. Patterns of soil-transmitted helminth infection and impact of four-monthly albendazole treatments in preschool children from semi-urban communities in Nigeria: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. BioMed Cent Infec Dis. 2009; 9(20): 1471-2334.
31. Knopp S, Mgeni AF, Khamis IS, Steinmann P, Stothard JR, Rollinson D, et al. Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths in the era of preventive chemotherapy: effect of multiple stool sampling and use of different diagnostic techniques. PloS Negl Trop Dis. 2007; 2(11): 331.
32. Ismail MM, Premaratne UN, Suraweera MG. Comparative efficacy of single dose anthelminthics in relation to intensity of geohelminth infections. Cey Med. 1991; J.36: 162-167.
33. Albonico M, Smith PG, Hall A, Chwaya HM, Alawi KS, Savioli L. A randomized controlled trial comparing mebendazole and albendazole against Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994; 88: 585-589.
34. Bundy DA, Wong MS, Lewis LL, Horton J. Control of geohelminths by delivery of targeted chemotherapy through schools. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990; 84: 115-120.
35. WHO. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: a report of World Health Organization expert committee. World Health Organization (WHO), Technical Report Series. 2002; 912: 1-57.
36. Keiser J, Utzinger J. Efficacy of current drugs against soil-transmitted helminth infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Ass. 2008; 299: 1937-1948.
37. Rajendran R, Sunish IP, Mani TR, Munirathinam A, Arunachalam N, Satyanarayana K. Community-based study to assess the efficacy of DEC plus ALB against DEC alone on bancroftian filarial infection in endemic areas in Tamil Nadu, south India. Trop Med Int Heal. 2006; 1: 851-861.
38. WHO. Prevention and Control of Intestinal Parasitic Infections. World Health Organization (WHO), Technical Report Series, 1987.
39. Oyewole F, Ariyo F, Oyibo WA, Sanyadu A, Faweya T, Monye P. Helminthic reduction with albendazole among children in riverine communities of Nigeria. J Rur Trop Publ Heal. 2007; 6: 143-148.
40. Naish S, McCarthy J, Williams GM. Prevalence, intensity and risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth infection in a South Indian fishing village. Acta Trop. 2004; 91: 177-187.
41. Bundy DAP, de Silva NR. Can we deworm this wormy world? Brit Med Bull. 1998; 54: 421-432.
42. Hotez PJ. Hookworm infections. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Principles pathogens and practice. 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2006: 1265-1273.
43. Brooker S, Whawell S, Kabatereine NB, Fenwick A, Anderson RM. Evaluating the epidemiological impact of national control programmes for helminths. Trends Parasitol. 2004; 11: 537-545.
44. Crompton DWT, Nesheim MC. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Ann Rev Nutr. 2002; 22: 35-59.
45. Moreau E, Chauvin A. Immunity against helminths: interactions with the host and the inter current infections. J Biomed Biotech. 2010; 32: 593-604.
46. Ezeamama AE, Friedman JF, Acosta LP, Bellinger DC, Langdon GC, Manalo DL, et al. Helminth infection and cognitive impairment among Filipino children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005; 72: 540-548.
47. Pullan R, Brooker S. The health impact of polyparasitism in humans: are we under-estimating the burden of parasitic diseases. J Parasitol. 2008; 135: 783-794.
48. Anees AH, Zulkifli A, Azmi A, Syukri,M. Helminthiasis among primary rural school children in Bachok, Kelantan. Malay J Pub Heal Med. 2003; 3: 19-22.
49. Knopp S, Stothard JR, Rollinson D, Mohammed KA, Khamis IS, Marti H, Utzinger J. From morbidity control to transmission control: time to change tactics against helminths on Unguja Island, Zanzibar. Acta Trop. 2011; (9): 1341.
50. Ostan I, Kilimcioglu AA, Girginkardesler N, Ozyurt BC, Limoncu ME. Health inequities: lower socio-economic conditions and higher incidences of intestinal parasites. Biomed Commun Pub Heal. 2007; 7: 3421-3428.
51. Sufiyan MB, Sabitu K, Mande AT. Evaluation of the effectiveness of deworming and participatory hygiene education strategy in controlling anemia among children aged 6-15 yrs in Gadagau community, Giwa LGA, Kaduna Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2011; 10(11): 6-12.
Published
2018-10-26
How to Cite
Gobir, Z., Oyeyi, T., & Bello, B. (2018). Assessment of post intervention of geohelminth infection and risk factors among school aged children in the most endemic area of Kano, Nigeria. MicroMedicine, 6(2), 105-115. Retrieved from http://journals.tmkarpinski.com/index.php/mmed/article/view/106
Section
Research Articles
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