SHERLOCK and DETECTR CRISPR-CAS systems as better diagnostic tools for COVID-19
Keywords:
COVID-19, CRISPR, DETECTR, SARS-CoV-2, SHERLOCK
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the mighty manslayer, responsible for COVID-19, has currently killed over 1.54 million people worldwide and 141,000 in India alone. It has affected around 67 million people globally and 9.68 million in India. It has quarantined the whole world. Doctors and scientists are working around the clock to save the world from this deadly virus. Since the number of patients is increasing rapidly, it is essential to test as many suspects as possible. But with the diagnostic tests that are being used currently, the polymerase chain reaction, antibody detection (Serological tests), Rapid Diagnostic tests (RDT), antigen tests and Isothermal Amplification assays are time consuming and there is a high chance that the test might come back with the wrong results. SHERLOCK and DETECTR are CRISPR-based diagnostic tool that were recently worked upon and showed very promising results. The test results come back in less than 40 minutes and the tests are far more accurate than all of the current diagnostics which makes them far more efficient than the others.
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References
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2. Chan AT, Brownstein JS. Putting the Public Back in Public Health – Surveying Symptoms of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020; e45.
3. Bai H, Cai X, Zhang X. Landscape Coronavirus Disease 2019 test (COVID-19 test) in vitro. A comparison of PCR vs Immunoassay vs Crispr-Based test. 2020.
4. Zeidler A, Karpinski TM. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2. Comparison of Three Emerging Coronaviruses. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2020; 13(6): e103744.
5. Weiss SR, Leibowitz JL. Coronavirus pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res. 2011; 81: 85-164.
6. Morris G, Bortolasci CC, Puri BK, Olive L, Marx W, O’Neil A, et al. The pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2: A suggested model and therapeutic approach. Life Sci. 2020; 258: 118166.
7. Zhang H, Rostami MR, Leopold PL, Mezey JG, O’Beirne SL, Strulovici-Barel Y, et al. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 Receptor in the Human Airway Epithelium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020; 202: 219-229.
8. Lai MMC. Coronavirus: organization, replication and expression of genome. Ann Rev Microbiol. 1990; 44: 303-303.
9. Xu J, Zhao S, Teng T, Abdalla AE, Zhu W, Xie L, et al. Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Viruses. 2020; 12 (2): 244.
10. Marra MA, Jones SJ, Astel CR, Holt RA, Brooks-Wilson A, Butterfield YSN, et al. The genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus. Science. 2003; 300(5624): 1399-1404.
11. Wang H, Li X, Li T, Zhang S, Wang L, et al. The genetic sequence, origin, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020; 39(9): 1629-1635.
12. Sowers LC, Blanton LS, Weaver SC, Urban RJ, Mouton CP. Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of COVID-19 patients. J Transl Sci. 2020; 6(6): 394.
13. Guidance and standard operating procedure COVID-19 virus testing in NHS laboratories. NHS England & NHS Improvement. 2020.
14. Moran A, Beavis KG, Matushek SM, Ciaglia C, Francois N, Tesic V, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by Use of the Cepheid Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 and Roche cobas SARS-CoV-2 Assays. J Clin Microbiol. 2020; 58(8): e00772-20.
15. Huijskens EG, Biesmans RC, Buiting AG, Obihara CC, Rossen JW. Diagnostic value of respiratory virus detection in symptomatic children using real-time PCR. Virol J. 2012; 9(1): 1-7.
16. Garg J, Singh V, Pandey P, Verma A, Sen M, Das A, et al. Evaluation of sample pooling for diagnosis of COVID-19 by real time-PCR: A resource-saving combat strategy. J Med Virol. 202; 93: 1526-1531.
17. Degli-Angeli E, Dragavon J, Huang ML, Lucic D, Cloherty G, Jerome KR, et al. Validation and verification of the Abbott RealTime SARS-CoV-2 assay analytical and clinical performance. J Clin Virol. 2020; 129: 104474.
18. Kuypers J, Wright N, Ferrenberg J, Huang ML, Cent A, Corey L, et al. Comparison of real-time PCR assays with fluorescent-antibody assays for diagnosis of respiratory virus infections in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2006; 44(7): 2382-2388.
19. Watzinger F, Ebner K, Lion T. Detection and monitoring of virus infections by real-time PCR. Mol Aspects Med. 2006; 27(2-3): 254-298.
20. Ishino Y, Shinagawa H, Makino K, Amemura M, Nakata A. Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product. J Bacteriol. 1987; 169(12): 5429-5433.
21. Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, et al. CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Science. 2007; 315(5819): 1709-1712.
22. Terns MP, Terns RM. CRISPR-based adaptive immune systems. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2011; 14(3): 321-327.
23. Terns MP. CRISPR-based technologies: impact of RNA-targeting systems. Mol Cell. 2018; 72(3): 404-412.
24. Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D, Lin S, Barretto R, Habib N, et al. Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science. 2013; 339(6121): 819-823.
25. Yan F, Wang W, Zhang J. CRISPR-Cas12 and Cas13: the lesser-known siblings of CRISPR-Cas9. 2019; 489-492.
26. Makarova KS, Haft DH, Barrangou R, Brouns SJ, Charpentier E, Horvath P, et al. Evolution and classification of the CRISPR–Cas systems. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011; 9(6): 467-477.
27. Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012; 337(6096): 816-821.
28. Gupta D, Bhattacharjee O, Mandal D, Sen MK, Dey D, Dasgupta A, Ghosh D, et al. CRISPR-Cas9 system: A new-fangled dawn in gene editing. Life Sci. 2019; 232: 116636.
29. Jiang F, Doudna JA. CRISPR–Cas9 Structures and Mechanisms. Annu Rev Biophys. 2017; 46(1): 505-529.
30. Chiu C. Cutting-edge infectious disease diagnostics with CRISPR. Cell Host Microbe. 2018; 23(6): 702-704.
31. Guo L, Sun X, Wang X, Liang C, Jiang H, Gao Q, et al. SARS-CoV-2 detection with CRISPR diagnostics. Cell Discov. 2020; 6(1): 1-4.
32. Broughton JP, Deng X, Yu G, Fasching CL, Servellita V, Singh J, et al. CRISPR–Cas12-based detection of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Biotechnol. 2020; 38(7): 870-874.
33. Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Kellner MJ, Joung J, Collins JJ, Zhang F. Multiplexed and portable nucleic acid detection platform with Cas13, Cas12a, and Csm6. Science. 2018; 360(6387): 439-444.
34. Lucia C, Federico PB, Alejandra GC. An ultrasensitive, rapid, and portable coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 sequence detection method based on CRISPR-Cas12. BioRxiv [Preprint]. 2020.
35. Huang Z, Tian D, Liu Y, Lin Z, Lyon CJ, Lai W, et al. Ultra-sensitive and high-throughput CRISPR-powered COVID-19 diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron. 2020; 164: 112316.
36. Kellner MJ, Koob JG, Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Zhang F. SHERLOCK: nucleic acid detection with CRISPR nucleases. Nat Protoc. 2019; 14(10): 2986-3012.
37. Ali Z, Mahas A, Mahfouz M. CRISPR/Cas13 as a tool for RNA interference. Trends Plant Sci. 2018; 23(5): 374-378.
38. Abudayyeh OO, Gootenberg JS, Essletzbichler P, Han S, Joung J, Belanto JJ, et al. RNA targeting with CRISPR–Cas13. Nature. 2017; 550(7675): 280-284.
39. Freije CA, Myhrvold C, Boehm CK, Lin AE, Welch NL, Carter A, et al. Programmable inhibition and detection of RNA viruses using Cas13. Mol Cell. 2019; 76(5): 826-837.
40. Joung J, Ladha A, Saito M, Segel M, Bruneau R, Huang MW, et al. Point-of-care testing for COVID-19 using SHERLOCK diagnostics. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2020.
41. Patchsung M, Jantarug K, Pattama A, Aphicho K, Suraritdechachai S, Meesawat P, et al. Clinical validation of a Cas13-based assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Nat Biomed Eng. 2020; 4: 1140-1149.
42. Mustafa MI, Makhawi AM. SHERLOCK and DETECTR: CRISPR-Cas Systems as Potential Rapid Diagnostic Tools for Emerging Infectious Diseases. J Clin Microbiol. 2021; 59.
Published
2021-08-23
How to Cite
(1)
Sumukhi, S.; Joseph, E.; Banadka, A. SHERLOCK and DETECTR CRISPR-CAS Systems As Better Diagnostic Tools for COVID-19. European Journal of Biological Research 2021, 11, 392-403.
Section
Review Articles
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