The concentration of glyphosate in the tap water in Greater Poland Region
Keywords:
Glyphosate, Water, Water Treatment Plants, Poland
Abstract
The harmfull effects of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) on animal and human health was stated by many researchers. The studies on such effects concerned mainly the people exposed to herbicides. In the environment, glyphosate remains relatively stable, with half-life ranged between a few days to several months or even a year in field studies, depending on soil composition. As this herbicide the widely used all over the world, the monitoring its concentration in everyday food becomes necessary. The aim of the study was to estimate the glyphosate levels in tap water samples collected from different Water Treatment Plants in Greater Poland region. The concentration of glyphosate was measured in 66 randomly collected drinking water samples from separate Water Treatment Plants. Measurements were done using two analytical techniques: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography technique. Levels of glyphosate in the tested samples were low (0.15±0.07 µg/L). Both assays have been found well suited to the analysis of glyphosate concentrations in the drinking water. The concentration of glyphosate in the tap water is very low, and could be discarded in estimation of daily intake of this herbicide in Great Poland region. So, it is unlikely that drinking water from Water Treatment Plants can be important source of glyphosate contamination in urbanized populations compared to vegetables, fruit and other possible sources.
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References
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2. Benbrook CM. Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally. Environ Sci Eur. 2016; 28(1): 3.
3. Chancellery of the Sejm [Kancelaria Sejmu, Biuro Komisji Sejmowych], Full record of the session of Committee on Environment Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry (No. 126) April 11, 2018 [in Polish]. http://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm8.nsf/biuletyn.xsp?skrnr=OSZ-126 (access: 10.04.2020).
4. Mesnage R, Defarge N, Spiroux de Vendômois J, Séralini GE. Potential toxic effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulations below regulatory limits. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015; 84: 133-53.
5. Van Bruggen AHC, He MM, Shin K, Mai V, Jeong KC, Finckh MR, et al. Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate. Sci Total Environ. 2018; 616-617: 255-268.
6. Székács A, Darvas B. Re-registration challenges of glyphosate in the European Union. Front Environ Sci. 2018; 6: 78.
7. Benbrook CM. How did the US EPA and IARC reach diametrically opposed conclusions on the genotoxicity of glyphosate-based herbicides? Environ Sci Eur. 2019; 31: 2.
8. Portier CJ, Armstrong BK, Baguley BC, Baur X, Belyaev I, Bellé R, et al. Differences in the carcinogenic evaluation of glyphosate between the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2016; 70(8): 741-745.
9. van Straalen NM, Legler J. Decision-making in a storm of discontent. Science. 2018; 360(6392): 958-960.
10. Tosun J, Lelieveldt H, Wing T.S. A case of ‘muddling through’? The politics of renewing glyphosate authorization in the European Union. Sustainability 2019; 11(2): 1-18.
11. Landrigan PJ, Belpoggi F. The need for independent research on the health effects of glyphosate-based herbicides. Environ Health. 2018; 17(1): 51.
12. Huhn C. More and enhanced glyphosate analysis is needed. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2018; 410(13): 3041-3045.
13. Blake RJ, Pallett K. The environmental fate and ecotoxicity of glyphosate. Outlooks Pest Manag. 2018; 29(6): 266-269.
14. Zhan H, Feng Y, Fan X, Chen S. Recent advances in glyphosate biodegradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018; 102(12): 5033-5043.
15. Acquavella JF, Alexander BH, Mandel JS, Gustin C, Baker B, Chapman P, et al. Glyphosate biomonitoring for farmers and their families: results from the Farm Family Exposure Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2004; 112(3): 321-326.
16. Curwin BD, Hein MJ, Sanderson WT, Nishioka MG, Reynolds SJ, Ward EM, et al. Pesticide contamination inside farm and nonfarm homes. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2005; 2(7): 357-367.
17. Silva V, Montanarella L, Jones A, Fernández-Ugalde O, Mol H, Ritsema C, et al. Distribution of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in agricultural topsoils of the European Union. Sci Total Environ. 2018; 621: 1352-1359.
18. Gillezeau C, van Gerwen M, Shaffer RM, Rana L, Zhang L, Sheppard L, et al. The evidence of human exposure to glyphosate: a review. Environ Health. 2019; 18(1): 2.
19. Mills PJ, Kania-Korwel I, Fagan J, McEvoy LK, Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E. Excretion of the herbicide glyphosate in older adults between 1993 and 2016. JAMA. 2017; 318(16): 1610-1611.
20. Conrad A, Schröter-Kermani C, Hoppe HW, Rüther M, Pieper S, Kolossa-Gehring M. Glyphosate in German adults - time trend (2001 to 2015) of human exposure to a widely used herbicide. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017; 220(1): 8-16.
21. Mesnage R, Arno M, Costanzo M, Malatesta M, Séralini GE, Antoniou MN. Transcriptome profile analysis reflects rat liver and kidney damage following chronic ultra-low dose Roundup exposure. Environ Health. 2015; 14: 70.
22. Armarego WLF, Chai ChLL. Purification of laboratory chemicals, 5th edn. Butterworth-Heineman Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2003.
23. Glyphosate Market Size, share worth USD 20.37 billion with significant growth rate of 4.5% CAGR Between 2019-2024: Market Research Future. https://www.openpr.com/news/1924754/glyphosate-market-size-share-worth-usd-20-37-billion-with (access 10.04.2020).
24. EFSA explains risk assessment - Publications Office of the EU: 2017-09-29 doi: 10.2805/654221 (access: 10.04.2020).
25. Masiol M, Giannì B, Prete M. Herbicides in river water across the northeastern Italy: occurrence and spatial patterns of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, and glufosinate ammonium. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018; 25(24): 24368-24378.
26. Annett R, Habibi HR, Hontela A. Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on the freshwater environment. J Appl Toxicol. 2014; 34(5): 458-479.
27. Van Stempvoort DR, Spoelstra J, Senger ND, Brown SJ, Post R, Struger J. Glyphosate residues in rural groundwater, Nottawasaga River Watershed, Ontario, Canada. Pest Manag Sci. 2016; 72(10): 1862-1872.
28. Montiel-León JM, Munoz G, Vo Duy S, Tien Do D, Vaudreuil M-A, Goeury K, et al. Widespread occurrence and spatial distribution of glyphosate, atrazine, and neonicotinoids pesticides in the St. Lawrence and tributary rivers. Environ Pollut. 2019; 250: 29-39.
29. Poiger T, Buerge IJ, Bächli A, Müller MD, Balmer ME. Occurrence of the herbicide glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA in surface waters in Switzerland determined with on-line solid phase extraction LC-MS/MS. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017; 24(2): 1588-1596.
30. Ramwell CT, Kah M, Johnson PD. Contribution of household herbicide usage to glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid in surface water drains. Pest Manag Sci. 2014; 70(12): 1823-1830.
31. Ibáñez M, Pozo OJ, Sancho JV, López FJ, Hernández F. Re-evaluation of glyphosate determination in water by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2006; 1134(1-2): 51-55.
32. Martins-Júnior HA, Lebre DT, Wang AY, Pires MA, Bustillos OV. An alternative and fast method for determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) residues in soybean using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2009; 23(7): 1029-1034.
33. Arkan T, Molnár-Perl I. The role of derivatization techniques in the analysis of glyphosate and aminomethyl-phosphonic acid by chromatography. Microchem J. 2015; 121: 99-106.
34. Rubio F, Veldhuis LJ, Clegg BS, Fleeker JR, Hall JC. Comparison of a direct ELISA and an HPLC method for glyphosate determinations in water. J Agric Food Chem. 2003; 51(3): 691-696.
35. Lee EA, Zimmerman LR, Bhullar BS, Thurman EM. Linker-assisted immunoassay and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of glyphosate. Anal Chem. 2002; 74(19): 4937-4943.
36. Li Z, Jennings A. Worldwide regulations of standard values of pesticides for human health risk control: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017; 14(7): 826.
37. Stephenson CL, Harris C. An assessment of dietary exposure to glyphosate using refined deterministic and probabilistic methods. Food Chem Toxicol. 2016; 95: 28-41.
38. Soukup ST, Merz B, Bub A, Hoffmann I, Watzl B, Steinberg P et al. Glyphosate and AMPA levels in human urine samples and their correlation with food consumption: results of the cross-sectional KarMeN study in Germany. Arch Toxicol. 2020; 94: 1575-1584.
39. Gill JPK, Sethi N, Mohan A, Datta S, Girdhar M. Glyphosate toxicity for animals. Environ Chem Lett. 2018; 16: 401-426.
40. Duforestel M, Nadaradjane A, Bougras-Cartron G, Briand J, Olivier C, Frenel JS, et al. Glyphosate primes mammary cells for tumorigenesis by reprogramming the epigenome in a TET3-dependent manner. Front Genet. 2019; 10: 885.
41. Ingaramo P, Alarcón R, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Luque E. Are glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides endocrine disruptors that alter female fertility? Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2020; 518: 110934.
42. Peillex C, Pelletier M. The impact and toxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on health and immunity. J Immunotoxicol. 2020; 17(1): 163-174.
43. Dechartres J, Pawluski JL, Gueguen MM, Jablaoui A, Maguin E, Rhimi M, et al. Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicide exposure during the peripartum period affects maternal brain plasticity, maternal behaviour and microbiome. J Neuroendocrinol. 2019; 31(9): e12731.
44. Rueda-Ruzafa L, Cruz F, Roman P, Cardona D. Gut microbiota and neurological effects of glyphosate. Neurotoxicology. 2019; 75: 1-8.
Published
2020-12-07
How to Cite
(1)
Kaszkowiak, K.; Kubacki, T.; Olejniczak, J.; Bondarenko, I. The Concentration of Glyphosate in the Tap Water in Greater Poland Region. European Journal of Biological Research 2020, 11, 57-64.
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
